by carefully observing his own children.

Question 8

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Which of the following theoretical perspectives can best explain why some toddlers never crawl on their hands and knees before they learn how to walk?

	ecological systems theory
	sociocultural theory
	evolutionary developmental psychology
	dynamic systems perspective

Question 9

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To examine the effects of single-sex versus mixed-sex classrooms on intelligence test performance, Dr. Tutor compared the IQ scores of children in a suburban single-sex school with those of children in an urban mixed-sex school. He found that the children in the single-sex school outperformed those in the mixed-sex school, and concluded that single-sex schooling heightens IQ. This is an erroneous conclusion because

	the children were not randomly assigned to levels of the dependent variable.
	the researcher should have examined only those from urban schools or only those from suburban schools.
	the dependent variable was measured incorrectly.
	the children were not randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable.

Question 10

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According to Piaget's theory, in the concrete operational stage,

	children can think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem.
	children's reasoning becomes logical.
	children develop the capacity for abstract thought.
	children can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances.

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